Análisis del impacto del salario mínimo sobre el empleo: una revisión de literatura
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https://doi.org/10.56216/radee012022jun.a06Palabras clave:
salarios mínimos, empleo, corte transversal, series de tiempo, datos de panel, cuasi experimentos, metaregresiones, búsqueda y emparejamientoResumen
En este documento se realiza una revisión de literatura de los distintos modelos teóricos y de las diversas metodologías empíricas que se han utilizado, tanto a nivel nacional como a nivel internacional, para estimar los impactos de las variaciones del salario mínimo sobre el empleo. En la literatura distinguimos la adopción de dos modelos teóricos [modelo competitivo y modelos no competitivos (el modelo de monopsonio y el modelo de mercado laboral con fricciones en la búsqueda y el emparejamiento)] y de seis aproximaciones empíricas (que utilizan datos de corte transversal repetidos, series de tiempo, datos de panel, cuasi experimentos, meta-regresiones, y que estiman y/o calibran modelos de búsqueda y emparejamiento) al momento de efectuar el análisis del impacto del salario mínimo sobre el empleo en el mercado de trabajo. La evidencia empírica, nacional e internacional, muestra una gran diversidad de resultados; sin embargo, las meta-regresiones y los trabajos que utilizan series de tiempo con datos agregados, en general, proporcionan evidencias de modestos efectos negativos estadísticamente significativos de los incrementos de los salarios mínimos sobre el empleo (sobre todo en adolescentes). Finalmente, la evidencia internacional nos hace entrever que el debate y las interrogantes sobre la amplia diversidad de resultados obtenidos continuará con el transcurrir del tiempo.
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